Practical Name:
To verify the truth table of different logic gates (AND, OR, NOT, NOR, EX-OR, NAND)
Aim:
To verify the truth tables of basic logic gates such as AND, OR, NOT, NAND, NOR, and EX-OR using digital ICs.
Apparatus Required:
-
Digital ICs:
-
IC 7408 (AND Gate)
-
IC 7432 (OR Gate)
-
IC 7404 (NOT Gate)
-
IC 7400 (NAND Gate)
-
IC 7402 (NOR Gate)
-
IC 7486 (EX-OR Gate)
-
-
Breadboard
-
DC Power Supply (5V)
-
Connecting Wires
-
LEDs or Logic Probe
Theory:
Logic Gates are basic building blocks of digital electronics. They perform logical operations on binary inputs (0 and 1).
| Gate | Logic Symbol | Boolean Expression | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| AND | A·B | Y = A · B | Output is HIGH only if both inputs are HIGH |
| OR | A+B | Y = A + B | Output is HIGH if at least one input is HIGH |
| NOT | A̅ | Y = ¬A or A’ | Output is the complement of the input |
| NAND | (A·B)̅ | Y = ¬(A · B) | Output is LOW only when both inputs are HIGH |
| NOR | (A+B)̅ | Y = ¬(A + B) | Output is HIGH only when both inputs are LOW |
| EX-OR | A⊕B | Y = A ⊕ B | Output is HIGH when inputs are different |
Circuit Diagrams:
Each logic gate IC should be connected as per its standard pin diagram. (Let me know if you want diagrams for each gate.)
Procedure:
-
Connect the IC on the breadboard and provide +5V power supply and ground to the IC.
-
Connect input pins using toggle switches or jumper wires.
-
Connect the output pin to an LED or logic probe.
-
Change the input combinations and observe the output.
-
Record the output for each combination to verify the truth table.
-
Repeat the procedure for all logic gates.
Truth Tables:
AND Gate (IC 7408):
| A | B | Y = A·B |
|---|---|---|
| 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 0 | 1 | 0 |
| 1 | 0 | 0 |
| 1 | 1 | 1 |
OR Gate (IC 7432):
| A | B | Y = A+B |
|---|---|---|
| 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 0 | 1 | 1 |
| 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 1 | 1 | 1 |
NOT Gate (IC 7404):
| A | Y = ¬A |
|---|---|
| 0 | 1 |
| 1 | 0 |
NAND Gate (IC 7400):
| A | B | Y = ¬(A·B) |
|---|
| 0 | 0 | 1 |
| 0 | 1 | 1 |
| 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 1 | 1 | 0 |
NOR Gate (IC 7402):
| A | B | Y = ¬(A+B) |
|---|---|---|
| 0 | 0 | 1 |
| 0 | 1 | 0 |
| 1 | 0 | 0 |
| 1 | 1 | 0 |
EX-OR Gate (IC 7486):
| A | B | Y = A⊕B |
|---|---|---|
| 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 0 | 1 | 1 |
| 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 1 | 1 | 0 |
Observations:
Each truth table was verified using the respective ICs and the outputs matched the theoretical values.
Result:
The truth tables for all the basic logic gates (AND, OR, NOT, NAND, NOR, EX-OR) were successfully verified using digital ICs.
Conclusion:
All logic gates performed as per their theoretical definitions and truth tables, proving their functionality using standard TTL logic ICs.
Precautions:
-
Make proper connections as per the IC pin configuration.
-
Provide 5V DC regulated supply only.
-
Avoid loose connections and short circuits.
-
Observe LED polarity correctly if used.
BSc 2nd Year Chemistry Major 1 Important Questions 2025 —
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“नीम के पत्तों में छिपा है एंटीबैक्टीरियल गुणों का राज!”
क्या आप जानते हैं कि नीम (Azadirachta indica) के पत्ते न केवल स्वास्थ्य के लिए लाभकारी हैं, बल्कि बैक्टीरिया को भी मात देने की ताकत रखते हैं?
यह शोध, नीम के पत्तों से प्राप्त यौगिकों के प्रभावी एंटीबैक्टीरियल गुणों की गहरी जानकारी प्रदान करता है।
Dissertation Topic: “Neem (Azadirachta indica) के पत्तों से प्राप्त यौगिकों का एंटीबैक्टीरियल गुणों के लिए विश्लेषण”
यह शोध न केवल रसायन विज्ञान के क्षेत्र में नई जानकारी प्रस्तुत करता है, बल्कि प्राकृतिक उपचारों को वैज्ञानिक प्रमाणों के साथ जोड़ता है।
क्या आप भी नीम के गुणों पर आधारित नये उपचारों में रुचि रखते हैं?
यह Dissertation आपके ज्ञान को नई दिशा दे सकता है।
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