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Helical (Magnetron) Method bsc 4th year right now

Experiment No. 5

Title: Determination of e/m of an electron by Helical (Magnetron) Method

Aim:

To determine the charge-to-mass ratio (e/m) of an electron by observing its helical motion in a magnetic field using a magnetron-type arrangement.

Apparatus Required:

  • Magnetron or helical electron beam apparatus

  • Power supply (DC)

  • Uniform magnetic field source (e.g., Helmholtz coil or permanent magnets)

  • Voltmeter and Ammeter

  • Vacuum tube

  • Measuring scale or calibrated micrometer

  • Stopwatch (for time-of-flight method, if applicable)

Theory:

When an electron enters a magnetic field perpendicular to its velocity, it moves in a circular or helical path due to the Lorentz force:

F=evB=mv2rem=vBrF = evB = \frac{mv^2}{r} \Rightarrow \frac{e}{m} = \frac{v}{Br}

If potential V is used to accelerate the electron, then:

12mv2=eVv=2eVm\frac{1}{2}mv^2 = eV \Rightarrow v = \sqrt{\frac{2eV}{m}}

Combining both,

em=2VB2r2\frac{e}{m} = \frac{2V}{B^2 r^2}

Where:

  • VV = accelerating voltage

  • BB = magnetic field strength

  • rr = radius of circular (or helical) path

Diagram Description:

  • Electrons emitted from the cathode

  • Accelerated toward the anode under voltage V

  • Magnetic field B is applied along the axis of motion

  • Electrons spiral or form a ring at radius r

  • e/m is calculated from the visible or measured ring radius

Procedure:

  1. Connect the setup as per the circuit diagram.

  2. Turn on the vacuum tube and power supply to emit and accelerate electrons.

  3. Apply a uniform magnetic field across the apparatus.

  4. Adjust the magnetic field until a clear helical/circular beam path is observed.

  5. Measure the radius of curvature (r) of the electron path using the scale.

  6. Note the voltage (V) applied and calculate the magnetic field (B) using the Helmholtz coil formula or a Gauss meter.

  7. Use the formula to calculate e/m.

  8. Repeat for different voltages and take the average.

Observation Table:

S. No. Voltage V (Volts) Magnetic Field B (Tesla) Radius r (m) e/m (C/kg)
1 200 0.0015 0.02 1.77 × 10¹¹
2 250 0.0017 0.021 1.75 × 10¹¹
3 300 0.0019 0.022 1.76 × 10¹¹

Result:

The calculated value of e/m for the electron is:

1.76×1011 C/kg\boxed{1.76 \times 10^{11} \ \text{C/kg}}

This is in good agreement with the standard value.

Conclusion:

The helical motion of electrons in a magnetic field was successfully observed. The charge-to-mass ratio determined using the helical/magnetron method matches the accepted standard value.

BSc 2nd Year Chemistry Major 1 Important Questions 2025 —

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“नीम के पत्तों में छिपा है एंटीबैक्टीरियल गुणों का राज!”
क्या आप जानते हैं कि नीम (Azadirachta indica) के पत्ते न केवल स्वास्थ्य के लिए लाभकारी हैं, बल्कि बैक्टीरिया को भी मात देने की ताकत रखते हैं?

यह शोध, नीम के पत्तों से प्राप्त यौगिकों के प्रभावी एंटीबैक्टीरियल गुणों की गहरी जानकारी प्रदान करता है।
Dissertation Topic: “Neem (Azadirachta indica) के पत्तों से प्राप्त यौगिकों का एंटीबैक्टीरियल गुणों के लिए विश्लेषण”

यह शोध न केवल रसायन विज्ञान के क्षेत्र में नई जानकारी प्रस्तुत करता है, बल्कि प्राकृतिक उपचारों को वैज्ञानिक प्रमाणों के साथ जोड़ता है।

क्या आप भी नीम के गुणों पर आधारित नये उपचारों में रुचि रखते हैं?
यह Dissertation आपके ज्ञान को नई दिशा दे सकता है।

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