Experiment 2: Study of Energy Flow and Helicity in Electromagnetic Fields
Aim:
To analyze the structure, flow, and conservation of energy and helicity in various electromagnetic field configurations; and to observe chiral modes, circular polarization, and magnetic helicity in guided systems.
Apparatus Required:
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Electromagnetic wave simulation software/setup
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Waveguides or optical fibers
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Polarizers and analyzers
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Antennas and EM detectors
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Power supply and measurement instruments
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Oscilloscope (optional)
Theory:
In electromagnetism, helicity refers to the projection of the spin angular momentum of the field along the direction of propagation. It is a conserved quantity in ideal systems and relates to:
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Energy Density and Poynting Vector (S)
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Right- and Left-Circular Polarization
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Chiral Electromagnetic Modes
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Helicity Conservation in Closed Systems
Understanding helicity flow helps in studying waveguides, optical communication, and advanced antenna design.
Procedure:
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Set up the EM wave source and align the waveguide or medium.
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Apply a linearly polarized wave and observe baseline energy flow.
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Introduce circular polarizers and analyze the handedness (helicity).
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Measure the Poynting vector (direction and intensity) at various points.
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Simulate open and closed field systems to compare helicity behavior.
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Record energy distribution and polarization types using the analyzer.
Observation Table
| S. No. | Wave Type Applied | Polarization Observed | Energy Flow Direction | Helicity Behavior |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. | Linearly Polarized EM wave | Linear | Forward only | No net helicity |
| 2. | Right-Circularly Polarized wave | Circular (RCP) | Forward | Positive helicity conserved |
| 3. | Left-Circularly Polarized wave | Circular (LCP) | Forward | Negative helicity conserved |
| 4. | Mixed polarization (RCP + LCP) | Elliptical | Forward + slight lateral | Partial helicity cancellation |
| 5. | Closed waveguide setup | Circular (RCP) | Confined | Helicity conserved in loop |
Result
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Energy flow patterns and Poynting vectors were successfully measured for different polarizations.
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Helicity conservation was clearly visible in circularly polarized waves, especially in closed systems.
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Mixed polarizations showed partial helicity cancellation, consistent with theoretical predictions.
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These results validate fundamental principles of EM field theory and helicity-based wave analysis.
BSc 2nd Year Chemistry Major 1 Important Questions 2025 —
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“नीम के पत्तों में छिपा है एंटीबैक्टीरियल गुणों का राज!”
क्या आप जानते हैं कि नीम (Azadirachta indica) के पत्ते न केवल स्वास्थ्य के लिए लाभकारी हैं, बल्कि बैक्टीरिया को भी मात देने की ताकत रखते हैं?
यह शोध, नीम के पत्तों से प्राप्त यौगिकों के प्रभावी एंटीबैक्टीरियल गुणों की गहरी जानकारी प्रदान करता है।
Dissertation Topic: “Neem (Azadirachta indica) के पत्तों से प्राप्त यौगिकों का एंटीबैक्टीरियल गुणों के लिए विश्लेषण”
यह शोध न केवल रसायन विज्ञान के क्षेत्र में नई जानकारी प्रस्तुत करता है, बल्कि प्राकृतिक उपचारों को वैज्ञानिक प्रमाणों के साथ जोड़ता है।
क्या आप भी नीम के गुणों पर आधारित नये उपचारों में रुचि रखते हैं?
यह Dissertation आपके ज्ञान को नई दिशा दे सकता है।
खरीदने के लिए यहाँ क्लिक करें:
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